Benefits of Manual Osteopathy
What is Osteopathy?
Osteopathy utilizes manual therapy to increase wellness throughout the body. It is a gentle, natural, drug-free modality that manipulates the visceral, musculoskeletal, lymphatic, spinal and cranial regions to help stimulate the body’s ability to heal itself.
Thus, a manual osteopath will apply gentle pressure, tension, stretching and light touch as needed to help improve the body’s flexibility, immunity, circulation, respiratory, lymphatic and positional potentials to reduce pain, inflammation and other difficulties.
While osteopathic treatments often focus on the joints, muscles, and spine, they are also applicable in the digestive, visceral and other regions.
Manual osteopathy typically uses hands-on therapy, but there are a number of additional tools an osteopath may employ, such as aquatic therapy, exercises, orthotics, bracing, taping and other systems to bring about the body’s ability to heal.
The manual osteopath may also provide advice for improving fitness, diet and work-related physical activities.
Here are a bunch of proven benefits of manual osteopathy:
Helps Relieve Pain – Chronic and Acute
Manual osteopathic treatment has been shown to increase the production of Beta Endorphin, which is a natural pain relief hormone produced by the body. This in turn decreases pain. A number of studies have shown this. (See references below).
Surveys and studies have shown that osteopathic treatment is one of the best strategies for low back pain relief compared to many other therapists. This is primarily due to its effectiveness in decreasing acute pain. Multiple studies are referenced below
For example, a 2017 study of 80 heart surgery patients found that osteopathic manual therapy decreased pain and less hospitalization following sternotomy surgery compared to those not receiving osteopathy.
Manual osteopathy has also been shown to be successful in decreasing chronic pain.
In a 2020 study of 44 patients with patellofemoral pain, osteopathy significantly reduced chronic pain and increased balance among the patients.
In a 2018 study of patients with chronic neck pain and lack of mobility along with dyspepsia, osteopathic visceral manipulation was found to significantly decrease pain among the patients.
Decreases Arthritis Pain
Several studies have shown that osteopathic manual treatment can significantly reduce pain and increase function in arthritis patients.
For example, a 2018 study showed that osteopathy decreased pain and increased function in a study of 100 knee osteoarthritis patients.
Helps Low Back Pain
A number of studies have shown that osteopathy significantly reduces low back pain.
In a 2013 study, 144 mothers in their third trimester were treated with osteopathy. The study found those who received osteopathy were significantly less likely to have low back pain symptoms compared to the controls.
In a 2012 study, researchers found that patients treated with osteopathy showed an average improvement of 20% in mobility.
Many other studies show osteopathy can significantly improve low back pain. Reviews of research have confirmed this.
Boosts Circulation
Osteopathy can result in the improvement of the circulation of lymph and blood. This improves nourishment, growth and recovery for the cells and muscles, and helps the body cleanse toxins. This is especially important during the winter months when circulation and metabolism can be slower.
In a 2021 study, researchers tested patients with heart failure, and found that just one osteopathic treatment significantly increased brachial blood flow and stimulated the vagal system.
Helps Reduce Inflammation
Several studies have shown that osteopathic manual therapy can significantly reduce inflammation in various injuries and ailments.
Helps promote deeper breathing
Osteopathy helps the body enhance oxygen intake. This helps nourish the cells, decreasing muscle aches and tension, and promotes the release of toxins.
Studies have also shown that osteopathy can help patients with COPD. Other research has shown it can help hospitalized patients with pneumonia.
In a 2014 study, patients reported improved breathing during the study period.
Helps Improve Posture
Osteopathy can strengthen the spine and muscles around the spine and abdomen to improve their flexibility and suppleness. Improved posture also helps reduce tension and improve breathing.
One study, for example, found that osteopathic manual treatment helped Parkinson’s patients improve their posture control.
Another study from 2020, also showed that osteopathy improved postural control, and a 2018 study showed it increases motor cortical plasticity.
Helps Improve Infant Health
A 2013 study showed that osteopathic manual treatment reduced length of stays for preterm babies.
Research has also shown that osteopathy can significantly increase milk flow in mothers, and satisfaction among babies who are breast feeding.
A 2008 study showed that osteopathy reduced apnea among infants.
Improves skin health
Boosting circulation through soft tissue therapy, increasing circulation and reducing inflammation can improve the health and tone of the skin.
Improves Joint Mobility
Manual osteopathy improves joint flexibility and helps relieve stored tension. This will in turn increase joint recovery.
Helps Calm the Body and Mind
The gentle therapeutic touch of Osteopathy encourages a calm mind. This helps creates creativity and helps reduce stress in the body and mind. In this way Osteopathy helps reduce anxiety. Often, anxiety is stored in low back, shoulders, neck and abdomen tension.
For example, a 2017 study of healthy men found that just one osteopathic treatment significantly reduced cortisol response, improved heart rate recovery and dampened the stress response in general compared to the control group.
A 2024 review of research analyzed 40 studies, and found that osteopathy significantly reduced anxiety intensity.
Increases Body Awareness
Osteopathy can also help increase the person’s relationship with their body. Understanding where their pains and stresses are more prevalent helps the person adapt and accommodate the body. By re-establishing these connections with our body, we can experience greater ease of movement, a more centered feeling, and an enhanced feeling of well-being.
Increases Relaxation
Osteopathy increases relaxation and a state of heightened mental alertness.
Helps Digestive Disorders
Several studies have shown that manual visceral osteopathy can significantly improve symptoms of GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease).
For example, a 2019 study of 60 patients suffering from GERD showed that manual osteopathic manipulation significantly reduced pain and decreased symptoms of GERD among the patients.
Other studies have shown that visceral osteopathy can help inflammatory digestive issues.
In a 2018 study for example, researchers found that patients with Crohn’s disease had significantly increased quality of life scores compared with the control group.
In a 2012 study, researchers tested irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and found that osteopathy significantly reduced IBS severity.
Reduces Headaches
A number of studies have shown that osteopathy can reduce frequency and intensity of headaches.
For example, a 2015 study from Italy of 105 migraine sufferers found that osteopathic treatment significantly reduced headache intensity and number of migraines.
Provides Therapeutic Touch
Humans benefit greatly by feeling the touch of another human being. Manual osteopathy provides therapeutic touch with each session.
Helps Prevent Falls
A leading cause of death among seniors is the fracture of the femur bone due to a fall. Because osteoporosis can weaken bones, a fall can break the femur, which can cut through the femoral artery.
Osteopathic muscle energy techniques (MET) have been found to improve range of motion and increase muscle strength. These improve balance and decrease the chance of falling in seniors.
For example, a 2017 study found that osteopathic therapy improved proprioceptive balance and quality of life among patients suffering from dizziness.
Boosts Athletic Performance
Regular and pulsed Osteopathic Muscle Energy Technique has been shown to increase athletic performance by improving function, balance, muscle tone and flexibility.
Decreases Muscle Tension and Spasm
Osteopathic manual therapy has been shown to interrupt the pain/spasm cycle. MET and mobilization techniques are known
to decrease muscle spasm and tension by affecting a number of nervous pathways.
STUDIES ON MANUAL OSTEOPATHY
Abenavoli A et al. Cranial osteopathic treatment and stress-related effects on autonomic nervous system measured by salivary markers: A pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 24, 215–221, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.07.017 (2020).
Abraham C et al. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment as an Intervention to Reduce Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in First Responders: A Pilot Study. Mo Med 118, 435–441 (2021).
Adorjàn-Schaumann K , HöhrhanG, WilleH, WolffA. Osteopathic Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain. A Randomized Controlled Trial [DO thesis]. Germany: Akademie für Osteopathie; 1999.
Ajimsha MS Effectiveness of direct vs indirect technique myofascial release in the management of tension-type headache. J Bodyw Mov Ther 15, 431–435, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2011.01.021 (2011).
Ajimsha MS, Daniel B & Chithra S Effectiveness of myofascial release in the management of chronic low back pain in nursing professionals. J Bodyw Mov Ther 18, 273–281, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.05.007 (2014).
Altinbilek T, Murat S, Yumusakhuylu Y & Icagasioglu A Osteopathic manipulative treatment improves function and relieves pain in knee osteoarthritis: A single-blind, randomized-controlled trial. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 64, 114–120, doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2018.1384 (2018).
Amatuzzi F et al. Acute and Time-Course Effects of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment on Vascular and Autonomic Function in Patients With Heart Failure: A Randomized Trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 44, 455–466, doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2021.06.003 (2021).
Amendolara A, Sheppert A, Powers R, Payne A, Stacey S, Sant D. Effectiveness of osteopathic craniosacral techniques: a meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024 Oct 3;11:1452465. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1452465. PMID: 39430589; PMCID: PMC11487524.
Amendolara A, Sheppert A, Powers R, Payne A, Stacey S, Sant D. Effectiveness of osteopathic craniosacral techniques: a meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024 Oct 3;11:1452465. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1452465. PMID: 39430589; PMCID: PMC11487524.
Antolinos-Campillo PJ et al. Short-term changes in median nerve neural tension after a suboccipital muscle inhibition technique in subjects with cervical whiplash: a randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy 100, 249–255, doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2013.09.005 (2014).
Auger K, Shedlock G, Coutinho K, Myers NE & Lorenzo S Effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment and bio-electromagnetic energy regulation therapy on lower back pain. J Osteopath Med 121, 561–569, doi: 10.1515/jom-2020-0132 (2021).
Bagagiolo D, Priolo CG, Favre EM, Pangallo A, Didio A, Sbarbaro M, Borro T, Daccò S, Manzoni P, Farina D. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Osteopathic Manipulative Therapy to Reduce Cranial Asymmetries in Young Infants with Nonsynostotic Plagiocephaly. Am J Perinatol. 2022 Dec;39(S 01):S52-S62. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1758723.
Barnes PL et al. A comparative study of cervical hysteresis characteristics after various osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) modalities. J Bodyw Mov Ther 17, 89–94, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.10.004 (2013).
Bautista-Aguirre F et al. Effect of cervical vs. thoracic spinal manipulation on peripheral neural features and grip strength in subjects with chronic mechanical neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 53, 333–341, doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04431-8 (2017).
Bordoni B, Zanier E. Sutherland’s legacy in the new millennium: the osteopathic cranial model and modern osteopathy. Adv Mind Body Med. 2015 Spring;29(2):15-21. PMID: 25831430.
Cardoso ER, Rowan JO, Galbraith S. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid pulse wave in intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg. 1983 Nov;59(5):817-21. doi: 10.3171/jns.1983.59.5.0817. PMID: 6619934.
Carnevali L, Cerritelli F, Guolo F & Sgoifo A Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Cardiovascular Autonomic Parameters in Rugby Players: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 44, 319–329, doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2020.09.002 (2021).
Castro Sanchez AM et al. Improvement in clinical outcomes after dry needling versus myofascial release on pain pressure thresholds, quality of life, fatigue, pain intensity, quality of sleep, anxiety, and depression in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Disabil Rehabil 41, 2235–2246, doi: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1461259 (2019).
Castro-Sánchez AM, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, Sánchez-Labraca N, Quesada-Rubio JM, Granero-Molina J, Moreno-Lorenzo C. A randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of craniosacral therapy on pain and heart rate variability in fibromyalgia patients. Clin Rehabil. 2011 Jan;25(1):25-35. doi: 10.1177/0269215510375909. Epub 2010 Aug 11. PMID: 20702514.
Cerritelli F et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of osteopathic manipulative treatment on preterms. PLoS One 10, e0127370, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127370 (2015).
Cerritelli F et al. Clinical effectiveness of osteopathic treatment in chronic migraine: 3-Armed randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 23, 149–156, doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2015.01.011 (2015).
Cerritelli F et al. Effect of manual approaches with osteopathic modality on brain correlates of interoception: an fMRI study. Sci Rep 10, 3214, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60253-6 (2020).
Cerritelli F et al. Effect of osteopathic manipulative treatment on length of stay in a population of preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 13, 65, doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-65 (2013).
Cerritelli F et al. Osteopathy modulates brain-heart interaction in chronic pain patients: an ASL study. Sci Rep 11, 4556, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83893-8 (2021).
Cerritelli F, Cardone D, Pirino A, Merla A & Scoppa F Does Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Induce Autonomic Changes in Healthy Participants? A Thermal Imaging Study. Front Neurosci 14, 887, doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00887 (2020).
Cicchitti L, Martelli M, Cerritelli F. Chronic inflammatory disease and osteopathy: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 17;10(3):e0121327. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121327.
Coste J et al. Osteopathic medicine for fibromyalgia: a sham-controlled randomized clinical trial. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 13, 1759720X211009017, doi: 10.1177/1759720X211009017 (2021).
Cruser dA , MaurerD, HenselK, BrownS, WhiteK, StollS. A randomized, controlled trial of osteopathic manipulative treatment for acute low back pain in active duty military personnel. J Man Manip Ther.2012;20(1):5-15. doi:10.1179/2042618611Y.0000000016.10.1179/2042618611Y.0000000016
Curcio JE et al. Use of the Spencer Technique on Collegiate Baseball Players: Effect on Physical Performance and Self-Report Measures. J Am Osteopath Assoc 117, 166–175, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.031 (2017).
da Silva RC et al. Increase of lower esophageal sphincter pressure after osteopathic intervention on the diaphragm in patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Dis Esophagus 26, 451–456, doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2012.01372.x (2013).
Dal Farra F, Risio RG, Vismara L, Bergna A. Effectiveness of osteopathic interventions in chronic non-specific low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2021 Jan;56:102616. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102616. Epub 2020 Nov 13. PMID: 33197571.
Danazumi MS, Bello B, Yakasai AM, Kaka B. Two manual therapy techniques for management of lumbar radiculopathy: a randomized clinical trial. J Osteopath Med. 2021 Feb 26;121(4):391-400. doi: 10.1515/jom-2020-0261. PMID: 33705612.
Danazumi MS, Nuhu JM, Ibrahim SU, Falke MA, Rufai SA, Abdu UG, Adamu IA, Usman MH, Daniel Frederic A, Yakasai AM. Effects of spinal manipulation or mobilization as an adjunct to neurodynamic mobilization for lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy: a randomized clinical trial. J Man Manip Ther. 2023 Dec;31(6):408-420. doi: 10.1080/10669817.2023.2192975. Epub 2023 Mar 22. PMID: 36950742; PMCID: PMC10642333.
Danielo Jouhier M et al. Osteopathic manipulative treatment to improve exclusive breast feeding at 1 month. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106, 591–595, doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319219 (2021).
de Oliveira Meirelles F, de Oliveira Muniz Cunha JC & da Silva EB. Osteopathic manipulation treatment versus therapeutic exercises in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: A randomized, controlled and double-blind study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 33, 367–377, doi: 10.3233/BMR-181355 (2020).
de Zoete A, Innocenti T, Petrozzi MJ, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW, Rubinstein SM. Spinal manipulative therapy for adults with chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2026 Jan 6;1(1):CD008112. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub3.
Degenhardt BF, Johnson JC, Fossum C, Andicochea CT & Stuart MK Changes in Cytokines, Sensory Tests, and Self-reported Pain Levels After Manual Treatment of Low Back Pain. Clin Spine Surg 30, E690–E701, doi: 10.1097/BSD.0000000000000231 (2017).
Eguaras N et al. Effects of Osteopathic Visceral Treatment in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 8, doi: 10.3390/jcm8101738 (2019).
Esin OR, Khairullin IK, Esin RG. Efficiency of kinesio taping in adolescents with cervicogenic headache: a blind placebo-controlled study. BioNanoScience. 2018;8(1):1–6. doi: 10.1007/s12668-018-0506-7.
Espi-Lopez GV et al. Effect of Soft Tissue Techniques on Headache Impact, Disability, and Quality of Life in Migraine Sufferers: A Pilot Study. J Altern Complement Med 24, 1099–1107, doi: 10.1089/acm.2018.0048 (2018).
Espi-Lopez GV, Ingles M, Soliva-Cazaban I & Serra-Ano P Effect of the soft-tissue techniques in the quality of life in patients with Crohn’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 97, e13811, doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013811 (2018).
Espi-Lopez GV, Rodriguez-Blanco C, Oliva-Pascual-Vaca A, Molina-Martinez F & Falla D Do manual therapy techniques have a positive effect on quality of life in people with tension-type headache? A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 52, 447–456 (2016).
Florance BM et al. Osteopathy improves the severity of irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot randomized sham-controlled study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24, 944–949, doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283543eb7 (2012).
Florance BM, Frin G, Dainese R, Nébot-Vivinus MH, Marine Barjoan E, Marjoux S, Laurens JP, Payrouse JL, Hébuterne X, Piche T. Osteopathy improves the severity of irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot randomized sham-controlled study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Aug;24(8):944-9. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283543eb7. PMID: 22546751.
Fornari M, Carnevali L & Sgoifo A Single Osteopathic Manipulative Therapy Session Dampens Acute Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Responses to Mental Stress in Healthy Male Participants. J Am Osteopath Assoc 117, 559–567, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2017.110 (2017).
Franke H , FrankeJD, FryerG. Osteopathic manipulative treatment for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord.2014;15:286. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-286.10.1186/1471-2474-15-286
Fryer G, Bird M, Robbins B & Johnson JC Acute electromyographic responses of deep thoracic paraspinal muscles to spinal manual therapy interventions. An experimental, randomized cross-over study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 21, 495–502, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.04.011 (2017).
Gay CW, Robinson ME, George SZ, Perlstein WM & Bishop MD Immediate changes after manual therapy in resting-state functional connectivity as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging in participants with induced low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 37, 614–627, doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.09.001 (2014).
Gillan R, Bachtel G, Webber K, Ezzair Y, Myers NE, Bishayee A. Osteopathic manipulative treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases. J Evid Based Med. 2024 Mar;17(1):172-186. doi: 10.1111/jebm.12590. Epub 2024 Mar 15. PMID: 38488211.
Grosjean D, Benini P & Carayon P Managing irritable bowel syndrome: The impact of micro-physiotherapy. J Complement Integr Med 14, doi: 10.1515/jcim-2015-0044 (2017).
Hall H, Cramer H, Sundberg T, Ward L, Adams J, Moore C, Sibbritt D, Lauche R. The effectiveness of complementary manual therapies for pregnancy-related back and pelvic pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Sep;95(38):e4723. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004723. PMID: 27661020; PMCID: PMC5044890.
Hall H, Cramer H, Sundberg T, Ward L, Adams J, Moore C, Sibbritt D, Lauche R. The effectiveness of complementary manual therapies for pregnancy-related back and pelvic pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Sep;95(38):e4723. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004723.
Haller H, Lauche R, Cramer H, Rampp T, Saha FJ, Ostermann T, Dobos G. Craniosacral Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Sham-controlled Trial. Clin J Pain. 2016 May;32(5):441-9. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000290. PMID: 26340656; PMCID: PMC4894825.
Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T & French M Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 63 Suppl 11, S240–252, doi: 10.1002/acr.20543 (2011).
Hensel KL, Buchanan S, Brown SK, Rodriguez M, Cruser dA. Pregnancy Research on Osteopathic Manipulation Optimizing Treatment Effects: the PROMOTE study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jan;212(1):108.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.07.043.
Herzhaft-Le Roy J, Xhignesse M, Gaboury I. Efficacy of an Osteopathic Treatment Coupled With Lactation Consultations for Infants’ Biomechanical Sucking Difficulties. J Hum Lact. 2017 Feb;33(1):165-172. doi: 10.1177/0890334416679620. Epub 2016 Dec 27. PMID: 28027445.
Hubert D et al. Impact of osteopathic treatment on pain in adult patients with cystic fibrosis–a pilot randomized controlled study. PLoS One 9, e102465, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102465 (2014).
Ingram NT, Daniels C, Riggins N, Stevane JR, Staats PS. Without getting under your skin: non-invasive stimulation activates the vagus nerve. Front Neurosci. 2026 Jun 10;20:1829474. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2026.1829474.
Iqbal M, Riaz H, Ghous M & Masood K Comparison of Spencer muscle energy technique and Passive stretching in adhesive capsulitis: A single blind randomized control trial. J Pak Med Assoc 70, 2113–2118, doi: 10.5455/JPMA.23971 (2020).
Jacq O, Arnulf I, Similowski T & Attali V Upper airway stabilization by osteopathic manipulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion versus sham manipulation in OSAS patients: a proof-of-concept, randomized, crossover, double-blind, controlled study. BMC Complement Altern Med 17, 546, doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-2053-0 (2017).
Klein R, Bareis A, Schneider A & Linde K Strain-counterstrain to treat restrictions of the mobility of the cervical spine in patients with neck pain: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Complement Ther Med 21, 1–7, doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2012.11.003 (2013).
Licciardone JC & Aryal S Prevention of progressive back-specific dysfunction during pregnancy: an assessment of osteopathic manual treatment based on Cochrane Back Review Group criteria. J Am Osteopath Assoc 113, 728–736, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2013.043 (2013).
Licciardone JC , AryalS. Prevention of progressive back-specific dysfunction during pregnancy: an assessment of osteopathic manual treatment based on Cochrane Back Review Group criteria. J Am Osteopath Assoc.2013;113(10):728-736. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2013.043.10.7556/jaoa.2013.043PubMed
Licciardone JC , BrimhallAK, KingLN. Osteopathic manipulative treatment for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Musculoskelet Disord.2005;6:43.10.1186/1471-2474-6-43
Licciardone JC , MinottiDE, GatchelRJ, KearnsCM, SinghKP. Osteopathic manual treatment and ultrasound therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med.2013;11(2):122-129. doi:10.1370/afm.1468.10.1370/afm.1468
Licciardone JC et al. Osteopathic manipulative treatment of back pain and related symptoms during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202, 43 e41–48, doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.07.057 (2010).
Licciardone JC Osteopathic manual treatment and ultrasound therapy for chronic low back pain: an illustration of osteopathic semantic confusion. Author reply. J Am Osteopath Assoc 113, 661–662 (2013).
Licciardone JC, Aryal S. Prevention of progressive back-specific dysfunction during pregnancy: an assessment of osteopathic manual treatment based on Cochrane Back Review Group criteria. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2013 Oct;113(10):728-36. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2013.043. PMID: 24084800.
Licciardone JC, Brimhall AK, King LN. Osteopathic manipulative treatment for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Aug 4;6:43. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-43. PMID: 16080794; PMCID: PMC1208896.
Lizis P, Kobza W, Jaszczur-Nowicki J, Wisniewski D. Osteopathic Manual Treatment Compared to Kaltenborn-Evjenth Orthopedic Manual Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Study. Altern Ther Health Med. 2023 May;29(4):76-81. PMID: 34331755.
Lougee H, Johnston RG & Thomson OP The suitability of sham treatments for use as placebo controls in trials of spinal manipulative therapy: a pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 17, 59–68, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.06.005 (2013).
Luceno-Mardones A et al. Effects of Osteopathic T9-T10 Vertebral Manipulation in Tonsillitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 9, doi: 10.3390/healthcare9040394 (2021).
Machado LA, Kamper SJ, Herbert RD, Maher CG, McAuley JH. Imperfect placebos are common in low back pain trials: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2008 Jul;17(7):889-904. doi: 10.1007/s00586-008-0664-3. Epub 2008 Apr 18. PMID: 18421484; PMCID: PMC2443262.
Mancini D et al. Ultrasound Evaluation of Diaphragmatic Mobility and Contractility After Osteopathic Manipulative Techniques in Healthy Volunteers: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 42, 47–54, doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2018.08.001 (2019).
Martinez-Jimenez EM et al. Pressure and Traction Technique Improves Postural Control More Than Tactile Stimulation in Foot Plantar Fascia: A Randomized Single-Blind Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 101, 978–984, doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.01.017 (2020).
Marti-Salvador M, Hidalgo-Moreno L, Domenech-Fernandez J, Lison JF & Arguisuelas MD Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Including Specific Diaphragm Techniques Improves Pain and Disability in Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 99, 1720–1729, doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.04.022 (2018).
Maskey-Warzechowska M et al. Effects of Osteopathic Manual Therapy on Hyperinflation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Cross-Over Study. Adv Exp Med Biol 1222, 17–25, doi: 10.1007/5584_2019_418 (2019).
Matsumae M, Kuroda K, Yatsushiro S, Hirayama A, Hayashi N, Takizawa K, Atsumi H, Sorimachi T. Changing the Currently Held Concept of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics Based on Shared Findings of Cerebrospinal Fluid Motion in the Cranial Cavity Using Various Types of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2019 Apr 15;59(4):133-146. doi: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2018-0272. Epub 2019 Feb 28. PMID: 30814424; PMCID: PMC6465527.
McCoss CA, Johnston R, Edwards DJ & Millward C Preliminary evidence of Regional Interdependent Inhibition, using a ‘Diaphragm Release’ to specifically induce an immediate hypoalgesic effect in the cervical spine. J Bodyw Mov Ther 21, 362–374, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.08.015 (2017).
McSweeney TP, Thomson OP & Johnston R The immediate effects of sigmoid colon manipulation on pressure pain thresholds in the lumbar spine. J Bodyw Mov Ther 16, 416–423, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.02.004 (2012).
Melkersson C, Nasic S, Starzmann K & Bengtsson Bostrom K Effect of Foot Manipulation on Pregnancy-Related Pelvic Girdle Pain: A Feasibility Study. J Chiropr Med 16, 211–219, doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2017.05.003 (2017).
Mériaux F, Stubbe L, Guyon A. Physiological Mechanisms Underlying the Primary Respiratory Mechanism (PRM) and Cranial Rhythmic Impulse (CRI) in Osteopathy: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel). 2024 Dec 11;12(24):2503. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12242503. PMID: 39765930; PMCID: PMC11728271.
Metzler-Wilson K et al. Effect of Suboccipital Release on Pain Perception and Autonomic Reflex Responses to Ischemic and Cold Pain. Pain Med 21, 3024–3033, doi: 10.1093/pm/pnaa051 (2020).
Miana L et al. Changes in alpha band activity associated with application of the compression of fourth ventricular (CV-4) osteopathic procedure: a qEEG pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 17, 291–296, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.10.002 (2013).
Motealleh A, Barzegar A & Abbasi L The immediate effect of lumbopelvic manipulation on knee pain, knee position sense, and balance in patients with patellofemoral pain: A randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 24, 71–77, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.01.006 (2020).
Muñoz-Gómez E, Inglés M, Aguilar-Rodríguez M, Mollà-Casanova S, Sempere-Rubio N, Serra-Añó P, Espí-López GV. Effect of a Craniosacral Therapy Protocol in People with Migraine: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2022 Jan 30;11(3):759. doi: 10.3390/jcm11030759. PMID: 35160211; PMCID: PMC8836770.
Muñoz-Gómez E, Inglés M, Aguilar-Rodríguez M, Mollà-Casanova S, Sempere-Rubio N, Serra-Añó P, Espí-López GV. Effect of a Craniosacral Therapy Protocol in People with Migraine: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med. 2022 Jan 30;11(3):759. doi: 10.3390/jcm11030759. PMID: 35160211; PMCID: PMC8836770.
Murad MH & Wang Z Guidelines for reporting meta-epidemiological methodology research. Evid Based Med 22, 139–142, doi: 10.1136/ebmed-2017-110713 (2017).
Nguyen C et al. Effect of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment vs Sham Treatment on Activity Limitations in Patients With Nonspecific Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 181, 620–630, doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.0005 (2021).
Nguyen C, Boutron I, Zegarra-Parodi R, Baron G, Alami S, Sanchez K, Daste C, Boisson M, Fabre L, Krief P, Krief G, Lefèvre-Colau MM, Rannou F. Effect of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment vs Sham Treatment on Activity Limitations in Patients With Nonspecific Subacute and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 May 1;181(5):620-630. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.0005. PMID: 33720272; PMCID: PMC7961471.
Noll DR et al. Efficacy of osteopathic manipulation as an adjunctive treatment for hospitalized patients with pneumonia: a randomized controlled trial. Osteopath Med Prim Care 4, 2, doi: 10.1186/1750-4732-4-2 (2010).
Noll DR The short-term effect of a lymphatic pump protocol on blood cell counts in nursing home residents with limited mobility: a pilot study. J Am Osteopath Assoc 113, 520–528, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2013.003 (2013).
Noto-Bell L, Vogel BN & Senn DE Effects of Post-Isometric Relaxation on Ankle Plantarflexion and Timed Flutter Kick in Pediatric Competitive Swimmers. J Am Osteopath Assoc 119, 569–577, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2019.100 (2019).
Oliva Pascual-Vaca A et al. Short-Term Changes in Algometry, Inclinometry, Stabilometry, and Urinary pH Analysis After a Thoracolumbar Junction Manipulation in Patients with Kidney Stones. J Altern Complement Med 23, 639–647, doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0041 (2017).
Page MJ et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. Bmj 372, n160, doi: 10.1136/bmj.n160 (2021).
Papa L, Amodio A, Biffi F & Mandara A Impact of osteopathic therapy on proprioceptive balance and quality of life in patients with dizziness. J Bodyw Mov Ther 21, 866–872, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.03.001 (2017).
Papa L, Mandara A, Bottali M, Gulisano V & Orfei S A randomized control trial on the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulative treatment in reducing pain and improving the quality of life in elderly patients affected by osteoporosis. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 9, 179–183 (2012).
Pasin Neto H & Borges RA Visceral Mobilization and Functional Constipation in Stroke Survivors: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, Clinical Trial. Cureus 12, e8058, doi: 10.7759/cureus.8058 (2020).
Pena-Salinas M et al. No immediate changes on neural and muscular mechanosensitivity after first rib manipulation in subjects with cervical whiplash: A randomized controlled trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 30, 921–928, doi: 10.3233/BMR-160645 (2017).
Philippi H, Faldum A, Schleupen A, Pabst B, Jung T, Bergmann H, Bieber I, Kaemmerer C, Dijs P, Reitter B. Infantile postural asymmetry and osteopathic treatment: a randomized therapeutic trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Jan;48(1):5-9; discussion 4. doi: 10.1017/S001216220600003X. PMID: 16359587.
Ponzo V et al. Osteopathic Manipulative Therapy Potentiates Motor Cortical Plasticity. J Am Osteopath Assoc 118, 396–402, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2018.084 (2018).
Racca V, Bordoni B, Castiglioni P, Modica M & Ferratini M Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Improves Heart Surgery Outcomes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Thorac Surg 104, 145–152, doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.09.110 (2017).
Roberts A et al. Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine: A Brief Review of the Hands-On Treatment Approaches and Their Therapeutic Uses. Medicines (Basel) 9, doi: 10.3390/medicines9050033 (2022).
Roberts B, Makar AE, Canaan R, Pazdernik V & Kondrashova T Effect of occipitoatlantal decompression on cerebral blood flow dynamics as evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography. J Osteopath Med 121, 171–179, doi: 10.1515/jom-2020-0100 (2021).
Rolle G, Tremolizzo L, Somalvico F, Ferrarese C & Bressan LC Pilot trial of osteopathic manipulative therapy for patients with frequent episodic tension-type headache. J Am Osteopath Assoc 114, 678–685, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.136 (2014).
Rolle G, Tremolizzo L, Somalvico F, Ferrarese C, Bressan LC. Pilot trial of osteopathic manipulative therapy for patients with frequent episodic tension-type headache. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2014 Sep;114(9):678-85. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.136. PMID: 25170037.
Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW. Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Feb 16;2011(2):CD008112. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2026 Jan 6;1:CD008112. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub3.
Ruffini N et al. Variations of high frequency parameter of heart rate variability following osteopathic manipulative treatment in healthy subjects compared to control group and sham therapy: randomized controlled trial. Front Neurosci 9, 272, doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00272 (2015).
Sandhouse ME, Shechtman D, Fecho G & Timoshkin EM Effect of Osteopathic Cranial Manipulative Medicine on Visual Function. J Am Osteopath Assoc 116, 706–714, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2016.141 (2016).
Schwerla F , RotherK, RotherD, RuetzM. Osteopathic treatment of women with persistent low back /pelvic girdle pain postpartum. In: Vol Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium of Osteopathy 2012. Nantes, France: Akademie für Osteopathie; 2012.
Shi X et al. Effect of cranial osteopathic manipulative medicine on cerebral tissue oxygenation. J Am Osteopath Assoc 111, 660–666 (2011).
Silva ACO et al. Effect of Osteopathic Visceral Manipulation on Pain, Cervical Range of Motion, and Upper Trapezius Muscle Activity in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain and Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018, 4929271, doi: 10.1155/2018/4929271 (2018).
Swender DA, Thompson G, Schneider K, McCoy K & Patel A Osteopathic manipulative treatment for inpatients with pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis: effects on spirometry findings and patient assessments of breathing, anxiety, and pain. J Am Osteopath Assoc 114, 450–458, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.095 (2014).
Task Force on the Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines. American Osteopathic Association Guidelines for Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) for Patients With Low Back Pain. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2016 Aug 1;116(8):536-49. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2016.107. PMID: 27455103.
Taşkaya B, Taşkent İ, Çakıllı M, Yılmaz Ö. The Effect of Manual Therapy on Psychological Factors and Quality of Life in Lumbar Disc Herniation Patients: A Single Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Sep 18;21(9):1234. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21091234. PMID: 39338117; PMCID: PMC11432183.
Terrell ZT, Moudy SC, Hensel KL, Patterson RM. Effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment vs. osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine on Parkinsonian gait. J Osteopath Med. 2022 Feb 14;122(5):243-251. doi: 10.1515/jom-2021-0203.
Thomas JS et al. Effect of Spinal Manipulative and Mobilization Therapies in Young Adults With Mild to Moderate Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 3, e2012589, doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12589 (2020).
Thomaz SR et al. Osteopathic manual therapy in heart failure patients: A randomized clinical trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 22, 293–299, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.07.011 (2018).
Tozzi P, Bongiorno D & Vitturini C Fascial release effects on patients with non-specific cervical or lumbar pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther 15, 405–416, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.11.003 (2011).
Tozzi P, Bongiorno D & Vitturini C Low back pain and kidney mobility: local osteopathic fascial manipulation decreases pain perception and improves renal mobility. J Bodyw Mov Ther 16, 381–391, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.02.001 (2012).
Trager RJ, Baumann AN, Rogers H, Tidd J, Orellana K, Preston G, Baldwin K. Efficacy of manual therapy for sacroiliac joint pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Man Manip Ther. 2024 Dec;32(6):561-572. doi: 10.1080/10669817.2024.2316420. Epub 2024 Feb 14. PMID: 38353102; PMCID: PMC11578406.
Tramontano M et al. Assessment and Management of Somatic Dysfunctions in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. J Am Osteopath Assoc 120, 165–173, doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2020.029 (2020).
Vandenplas Y, Denayer E, Vandenbossche T, Vermet L, Hauser B, Deschepper J, Engelen A. Osteopathy may decrease obstructive apnea in infants: a pilot study. Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2008 Jul 19;2:8. doi: 10.1186/1750-4732-2-8.
Vieira-Pellenz F et al. Short-term effect of spinal manipulation on pain perception, spinal mobility, and full height recovery in male subjects with degenerative disk disease: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95, 1613–1619, doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.002 (2014).
Villalta Santos L et al. Active Visceral Manipulation Associated With Conventional Physiotherapy in People With Chronic Low Back Pain and Visceral Dysfunction: A Preliminary, Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. J Chiropr Med 18, 79–89, doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2018.11.005 (2019).
Vismara L , CimolinV, MenegoniF, et al.. Osteopathic manipulative treatment in obese patients with chronic low back pain: a pilot study. Man Ther.2012;17(5):451-455.10.1016/j.math.2012.05.
West KL, Huzij T. A systematic review of manual therapy modalities and anxiety. J Osteopath Med. 2024 Jun 24;124(11):487-497. doi: 10.1515/jom-2024-0001. PMID: 38905700.
Whelan G, Johnston R, Millward C & Edwards DJ The immediate effect of osteopathic cervical spine mobilization on median nerve mechanosensitivity: A triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 22, 252–260, doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.05.009 (2018).
Zarucchi A et al. Efficacy of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment on postural control in Parkinsonian patients with Pisa syndrome: A pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation 46, 529–537, doi: 10.3233/NRE-203068 (2020).
Zegarra-Parodi R, Pazdernik VK, Roustit M, Park PY & Degenhardt BF Effects of pressure applied during standardized spinal mobilizations on peripheral skin blood flow: A randomised cross-over study. Man Ther 21, 220–226, doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.08.008 (2016).



























